What is the most reliable and inexpensive car?

Looking for the most reliable and affordable car? My online research reveals some top contenders, perfect for savvy shoppers like us!

Top 10 Reliable & Affordable Cars (Based on online reviews and forums):

NISSAN ALMERA CLASSIC: Known for its low running costs and simple mechanics, making repairs straightforward and inexpensive.
TOYOTA COROLLA IX (E120, E130): A legendary nameplate, the Corolla boasts exceptional reliability and a large, readily available parts market ensuring low repair costs.
MAZDA 3 BK: Offers a good balance of reliability, fuel efficiency, and driving dynamics, plus relatively inexpensive parts.
TOYOTA PRIUS II: A hybrid leader, offering amazing fuel economy and typically very low maintenance needs. However, hybrid-specific repairs can be slightly more costly.
TOYOTA RAV4 II (XA20): A popular and reliable SUV, offering good space and capability at a relatively affordable price point. Parts availability is generally good.
HONDA CR-V II: Another robust SUV known for its longevity and reliability. Expect generally lower repair costs compared to some competitors.
TOYOTA CAMRY VI (XV40): A comfortable and spacious sedan with a stellar reputation for reliability. Parts are readily available and usually inexpensive.
TOYOTA LAND CRUISER PRADO 120: While slightly pricier than others on this list, its legendary durability and off-road capability make it a worthwhile investment for those needing a rugged vehicle. Expect higher maintenance costs but with significantly higher longevity.

Pro-Tip: Always check independent reviews and vehicle history reports before purchasing any used car. Remember, even the most reliable vehicles require regular maintenance to maintain their longevity and value.

Extra Info: When comparing, consider factors like insurance costs, fuel consumption, and the availability of parts in your region. Don’t forget to factor in potential repair costs, even for supposedly reliable models.

Crucial Note on the Prado: Its reliability is undeniable, making it a standout choice for those prioritizing longevity and off-road capability. However, be prepared for higher initial purchase price and potentially higher maintenance costs compared to smaller, more economical options.

What car brands are the most indestructible?

Looking for the ultimate indestructible ride? You’ve come to the right place! These are the top contenders for unbeatable reliability, perfect for conquering any terrain:

Toyota Land Cruiser Prado (2020-Present, 150 Series): This restyled legend boasts legendary off-road capability and bulletproof reliability. Pro-tip: Check reviews for fuel economy comparisons between different engine options.
Suzuki Jimny (2018-Present, IV): Tiny but mighty! This compact SUV packs a punch with its impressive off-road performance and surprisingly spacious interior. Pro-tip: Look into aftermarket accessories to further customize its already rugged features.
Mitsubishi Pajero Sport (2019-Present, III Restyled): A powerful and capable SUV offering a comfortable ride and robust build quality. Pro-tip: Compare different trim levels to find the perfect balance of features and price.
Toyota Land Cruiser 300 (2021-Present, 300 Series): The newest king of the off-road world. Expect unparalleled luxury and performance, but be prepared for a higher price tag. Pro-tip: Explore available packages and options to tailor your perfect Land Cruiser 300.
Mitsubishi L200 (2018-Present, V Restyled): A workhorse pickup truck that’s just as comfortable on the highway as it is off-road. Pro-tip: Consider the payload and towing capacity to ensure it meets your specific needs.
Toyota Hilux (2020-Present, VIII Restyled): Another robust pickup truck, known for its durability and resale value. Pro-tip: Explore different cab configurations (single, double, extra cab) to find the best fit for your passengers and cargo.

Remember to always check independent reviews and compare prices before making a purchase! Happy shopping!

What car should I buy that won’t break down?

Okay, so you want a car that’s practically indestructible? Forget those flimsy European things! Japanese cars are the way to go, honey. Toyota, Lexus, Infiniti – pure reliability. Lexus and Toyota are practically legendary. I mean, seriously, I’ve heard stories… they just keep running and running!

But… *tiny* downside: they’re super popular, which means thieves *love* them. Yep, Lexus and Toyota are on every car thief’s wish list. So, you’ll probably want a good alarm system and maybe even a GPS tracker. Think of it as an investment in your dream car!

Another thing: While they’re amazing, Japanese cars can be a little pricier to maintain than, say, Korean ones. Parts might be slightly more expensive, and sometimes specialized mechanics are needed. But trust me, the peace of mind is worth it. I’ve seen some Korean cars fall apart faster than you can say “warranty.”

Before you dive in, research specific models within those brands. Some years are definitely better than others. Check reliability ratings online, read reviews, and don’t be afraid to negotiate! And remember, darling, a little extra shine never hurts. Maybe consider a ceramic coating for that extra sparkle – and protection!

Which car breaks down least often?

Looking for a reliable car? Based on numerous independent reports, Mini consistently ranks highest in reliability. It’s not just hype; their entire lineup boasts impressively low failure rates.

What’s even better? Even when minor issues arise (which is rare!), Mini vehicles remain drivable. This translates to less downtime and fewer unexpected repair bills – a huge win for any budget-conscious buyer!

Here’s what makes Mini stand out for online shoppers like us:

Exceptional Reliability: Multiple surveys consistently place Mini at the top for dependability.
Drivable Even With Minor Issues: Unlike some brands, minor problems rarely leave you stranded.
Wide Model Selection: Five models are mentioned in the reports as being incredibly reliable. Check out the specs and find the perfect fit for your needs.

Before clicking “buy,” always do your research. Compare reviews and ratings from various sources to ensure the specific Mini model you’re interested in aligns with your lifestyle and expectations. Happy shopping!

Which used cars are best avoided?

Buying a used car can be risky, so avoiding certain models is crucial. Here are some brands and models known for higher-than-average repair costs or reliability issues on the used market:

Mazda: While generally reliable, some older Mazda models can suffer from transmission problems and electrical gremlins. Thorough pre-purchase inspection is a must.

Jaguar XF (I generation): Known for sophisticated but potentially problematic electronics and expensive repairs. Expect significant maintenance costs.

Mercedes-Benz S-Class: Luxury comes at a price, and this applies to maintenance. Older S-Classes can have extremely high repair bills due to complex technology and specialized parts.

Ford Focus II: Certain years experienced issues with clutches, electrical systems, and engine problems. Research the specific year and model carefully.

Land Rover Range Rover Sport: A luxurious SUV with a reputation for expensive repairs. Air suspension, electronics, and complex drivetrains contribute to this.

Volkswagen: While some models are reliable, others suffer from issues with various components like fuel pumps, electrical systems, and turbochargers, potentially leading to expensive repairs. Specific model years should be thoroughly investigated.

Chery Amulet: This model has a history of poor reliability and limited parts availability, making repairs difficult and expensive.

Citroen C5: Known for hydraulic issues, which can be costly to repair. The complex hydropneumatic suspension is a major factor in this.

What is the most unreliable car?

The question of which car breaks down most often is complex, as reliability varies significantly based on year, model specifics, and individual maintenance. However, certain models consistently appear in “most unreliable” lists. Based on extensive testing and reported owner experiences, several high-end and popular choices show a higher-than-average frequency of repairs.

Porsche Cayenne Turbo: While offering exhilarating performance, the Cayenne Turbo, especially earlier models, has shown a propensity for costly engine and transmission issues. These often stem from the immense power demands placed on the components.

Land Rover Range Rover III: Known for its luxury and off-road capabilities, the Range Rover III frequently experiences electrical faults and air suspension problems, significantly impacting reliability and operational costs.

Mercedes-Benz S-Class IV (W220): This model, while luxurious, has a reputation for complex electronics that can lead to numerous glitches and expensive repairs. Airmatic suspension issues are also commonly reported.

Mazda CX-7: This SUV suffered from engine issues, particularly concerning turbocharger failures and excessive oil consumption, impacting both performance and longevity.

Audi A4 IV (B8): Though generally well-regarded, the B8 generation of the A4 saw a higher than average number of reported issues with the direct-injection engine and transmission systems.

Kia Sportage, Nissan Qashqai, and Chevrolet Spark: These models, while often more affordable, also show up on reliability indices with problems frequently related to electrical systems, engines, and transmissions. This highlights that reliability isn’t solely a concern for luxury vehicles.

Important Note: These are generalizations based on aggregated data. Proper maintenance and adherence to recommended service intervals are crucial in mitigating potential issues across all vehicle makes and models. Individual experiences can and do vary.

What car brand lasts the longest?

As a loyal consumer of popular products, I can confirm Toyota’s reputation for longevity. iSeeCars’ data highlighting 17% of Toyotas potentially exceeding 250,000 miles strongly supports this. This isn’t surprising; models like the Tundra, Land Cruiser, and Tacoma are legendary for their durability. However, achieving such high mileage requires diligent maintenance. Regular oil changes, timely tire rotations, and prompt attention to any warning signs are crucial. Beyond scheduled maintenance, understanding your vehicle’s specific needs is key. For example, the Land Cruiser’s robust off-road capabilities come at the cost of more frequent component inspections in harsh conditions. Similarly, the Tacoma’s popularity amongst tradespeople means regular inspections for wear and tear from heavy-duty use are essential. While Toyota’s inherent reliability is a significant factor, proactive ownership significantly impacts longevity, irrespective of the brand. Ultimately, a well-maintained Toyota offers a strong return on investment thanks to its proven durability, but this requires responsible ownership. Consider factors like driving style and environmental conditions when projecting lifespan; even the most reliable vehicles suffer from neglect.

What car brand is considered the most reliable?

The most reliable car brand? That’s a question I get a lot, and the answer changes yearly. This year, according to Consumer Reports’ 2024 reliability rankings, Subaru unexpectedly took the top spot. This surprised many, as Toyota and Lexus have consistently held top positions in previous years.

What makes Subaru’s win notable is their focus on all-wheel-drive systems, which are often associated with better handling and safety in various conditions. However, reliability isn’t solely determined by one feature. Consumer Reports considers many factors:

Frequency of repairs: How often owners experience problems.
Severity of repairs: Are these minor inconveniences or major engine overhauls?
Cost of repairs: Even a minor problem can be expensive depending on the part.

While Subaru claimed the top spot, Toyota and Lexus still remain excellent choices, consistently ranking highly. Their long-standing reputation for dependability is well-earned. Other brands performing well include:

Mazda
Honda
Kia

It’s important to remember that individual model reliability can vary within a brand. A specific Subaru model might have more issues than a Toyota model in the same class. Always check specific model rankings before making a purchase decision. Ultimately, the “most reliable” is subjective and depends on your needs and priorities.

What car brand breaks down the least?

As a frequent buyer of popular goods, I’ve noticed Toyota and Lexus consistently rank high in reliability. Experts often cite them as top contenders globally. My own research corroborates this, showing them boasting superior long-term performance compared to many competitors. Volvo and Mazda also frequently appear in reliability rankings. This aligns with my personal experience – I’ve had friends with these brands that have run smoothly for years.

However, it’s crucial to note that even the most dependable brands have their weaknesses. A common issue reported by mechanics, specifically with Toyota and Lexus, is a propensity for defective cylinder heads. This problem, while relatively infrequent, can lead to costly repairs.

To offer a more comprehensive picture, here’s what I’ve learned from my research:

Toyota/Lexus Strengths: Excellent engine longevity, robust transmissions, and generally well-built vehicles. Many models hold their value exceptionally well.
Toyota/Lexus Weaknesses: As mentioned, cylinder head issues are a known concern. Some models have also experienced electrical problems over time.
Volvo Strengths: Strong safety features, comfortable interiors, and generally refined driving experience. Known for their durable construction.
Volvo Weaknesses: Some models have shown susceptibility to issues with their infotainment systems and certain electronic components can be expensive to repair.
Mazda Strengths: Good fuel economy, stylish design, and enjoyable handling characteristics. Often praised for their balance of features and price.
Mazda Weaknesses: Can be more prone to issues with the transmission compared to Toyota and Lexus. Some reports indicate slightly lower long-term durability than Japanese counterparts.

Ultimately, the “least problematic” brand is subjective and depends heavily on the specific model and year. Thorough pre-purchase inspections and understanding potential brand-specific weaknesses are key to minimizing future repair costs.

What is the most reliable used car on the secondary market?

Looking for a reliable used car? Forget flashy new models; proven dependability is key. Here’s my take on the top 5 most reliable used imports, based on long-term performance and owner feedback:

1. Toyota Camry: The gold standard. Known for its bulletproof engine and overall longevity, the Camry consistently tops reliability charts. Expect minimal issues with regular maintenance. Consider the generation carefully; some years have proven more robust than others. Check online forums for specific model year quirks.

2. Audi A4: A surprising entry, perhaps, but the A4, particularly later models, demonstrates surprising resilience. While German engineering often equates to higher maintenance costs, the A4’s robust build quality and readily available parts mean repairs are generally manageable. Still, expect higher running costs compared to Toyota.

3. Honda Civic: Another legendary choice. The Civic’s reputation for fuel efficiency and longevity is well-deserved. Like the Camry, certain model years have shown higher reliability scores than others—research is key. Also factor in potential rust issues depending on climate.

4. Skoda Octavia: Often overlooked, the Octavia offers surprisingly good value and reliability for its price point. Sharing components with Volkswagen (explained below), the Octavia benefits from a robust platform and readily available parts. Consider this a more practical, spacious alternative to the Polo.

5. Volkswagen Polo: The budget-friendly champion. The Polo’s simple, robust design translates to exceptional reliability, especially in earlier models. However, Volkswagen’s parts aren’t always the cheapest, so factor that into your long-term ownership costs. Regular maintenance is paramount to keep it running smoothly. VW shares many components across its lineup, meaning parts are usually widely available and relatively affordable compared to some other brands.

What are the 10 most reliable cars?

OMG! You HAVE to check out these insanely reliable cars! They’re practically indestructible! My wallet is *so* happy.

Top 10 Most Reliable Cars (According to *me* and my amazing research!):

Toyota Camry: This queen of reliability is a classic for a reason. Seriously, I’ve heard stories of Camrys lasting over 300,000 miles! Think of all the road trips!
Honda CR-V: The perfect SUV for city AND adventure. Fuel efficiency? Check. Reliability? Double check!
Lexus RX: Luxury and reliability? Yes, please! Spoil yourself, you deserve it. It’s an investment, darling, not an expense.
Mazda CX-5: Stunning looks *and* dependable performance? This is a game-changer. Plus, the handling is AMAZING.
Toyota RAV4: Another Toyota powerhouse! It’s so versatile – perfect for everything from grocery shopping to weekend getaways.
Subaru Forester: All-wheel drive for those unexpected snowstorms (or just because!). Plus, the safety features are top-notch. Safety first, darlings!
Honda Civic: This compact car is a legend. Affordable, reliable, and fuel-efficient – what more could you want?
Toyota Corolla: Another Toyota classic! It’s the ultimate reliable everyday car. Just buy it and forget about car troubles.

Bonus Tip: Always check independent reliability ratings (like J.D. Power or Consumer Reports) before making a decision. But trust me, you can’t go wrong with these beauties!

Pro Tip: Consider certified pre-owned options to save even more money while still getting that peace of mind!

Which car has no problems?

Looking for a reliable car? Consumer Reports’ 2025 study crowned Toyota and Lexus the most dependable. Snag a sweet deal on a used Toyota Camry or a Lexus RX – they hold their value incredibly well! BMW secured a respectable third place, while Mercedes unfortunately lagged behind in reliability. Before you buy, check out independent reviews on sites like Edmunds or Kelley Blue Book to compare models within those brands and their respective price points. Don’t forget to factor in insurance costs, which can vary significantly depending on the make and model. You can use online comparison tools to get quotes before committing to a purchase. Remember to account for potential maintenance costs too; some brands are simply more expensive to maintain than others. Happy shopping!

Which car brand never breaks down?

As a frequent buyer of popular products, I can confirm the Lexus NX (2014-2021) holds an almost legendary reputation for reliability. The claim of zero reported breakdowns in 2024 is remarkable, though it’s crucial to remember sample size matters. While individual experiences vary, this model consistently scores highly in reliability surveys. Its robust engine and well-engineered components contribute significantly.

Toyota’s commitment to quality is undeniable, and the Aygo X (2021-present), despite being a smaller, more affordable model, reflects this. Its placement as a runner-up highlights Toyota’s broader success in building dependable vehicles. It’s worth noting that the Aygo X’s relative youth may skew the reliability data – time will tell how well it holds up long-term. However, initial reports are very positive.

It’s important to remember that even the most reliable vehicles can experience occasional issues. Proper maintenance, including regular servicing and adherence to recommended schedules, is key to maximizing longevity and minimizing problems for any car, regardless of make or model. Furthermore, driving habits and environmental factors can also impact a vehicle’s lifespan. Consider factors like mileage, driving conditions, and individual care when assessing reliability.

What car brand is not good?

Choosing a reliable car can be tricky, and recent data reveals some brands experiencing higher-than-average reported problems. This isn’t necessarily a condemnation of the entire brand, but rather a reflection of reported issues from a significant sample size. It’s crucial to remember that individual experiences can vary wildly.

Five brands stand out in this particular study, all exhibiting a significant number of reported problems:

Chevrolet (General Motors): 160 reported problems. While Chevy offers a wide range of vehicles, from budget-friendly options to powerful trucks, this high number suggests potential issues across their lineup warranting careful consideration before purchase. Consider researching specific models within the Chevrolet range to understand potential problem areas.
Hyundai: 162 reported problems. Known for its stylish designs and value proposition, Hyundai’s presence on this list highlights the importance of pre-purchase research and thorough vehicle inspections. Specific model years or trims may have experienced more issues than others.
Kia: 163 reported problems. Sharing a parent company with Hyundai, Kia also presents a similar cautionary note. It’s vital to research specific model reliability before committing to a purchase. Independent reviews can be a great source of additional information.
Buick (General Motors): 164 reported problems. Buick, often associated with comfort and luxury, still reveals a significant number of reported problems. Focusing on specific model year reviews and conducting thorough pre-purchase inspections are crucial for minimizing risk.
Nissan: 166 reported problems. Nissan, a brand with a long history, appears to be facing reliability concerns reflected in these statistics. As always, independent reviews and focusing on specific models will provide a more nuanced picture.

Important Note: This data represents reported problems and doesn’t encompass the entire population of vehicles from these manufacturers. Individual experiences may vary greatly. Thorough research, including checking independent reliability reports and conducting pre-purchase inspections, remains crucial before buying any used or new car.

What is the most reliable budget car?

Finding a reliable budget car is a balancing act, but several models consistently stand out. While “most reliable” is subjective and depends on individual maintenance, these consistently score highly in reliability surveys and owner reports for their respective years:

Toyota Yaris (2011-2019): Known for its exceptional fuel efficiency, ease of maintenance, and bulletproof reliability. Expect long lifespans with minimal issues, making it a top contender for budget-conscious buyers. Parts are readily available and relatively inexpensive.
Honda Jazz (2008-2015): Similar to the Yaris in its reputation for longevity and reliability. The Jazz (known as the Fit in some markets) often boasts surprisingly spacious interiors for its class, making it practical for families or those needing extra cargo space. Honda’s reputation for quality engineering shines through.
Suzuki SX4 (2008-2013): A slightly less common choice, but the SX4 offers a blend of practicality (often available as a hatchback or small SUV) and surprising reliability. While parts availability might not be as widespread as Toyota or Honda, it still represents strong value for money if found in good condition.
Mazda 2 (2008-2014): Mazda’s focus on driving dynamics translates into well-engineered vehicles. The Mazda 2, though smaller, shares the brand’s reputation for reliability, offering a fun-to-drive experience alongside its budget-friendly price tag.
Ford Focus (2012-2014): Note that this specific generation of the Focus shows improved reliability compared to some earlier models. Research specific year-model reports carefully, as reliability can vary within a model range. Ford offers relatively affordable parts.
Mitsubishi Outlander (2008-2009): This specific generation of the Outlander has a mixed reputation. Thorough pre-purchase inspection is crucial, focusing on potential issues with the transmission and electrical systems. If you find a well-maintained example, it can be a surprisingly spacious and relatively affordable option.
Mazda 3 (2010-2012): Similar to the Mazda 2, this generation of the Mazda 3 combines enjoyable driving characteristics with strong reliability. Expect higher running costs than the smaller Mazda 2, however.
Ford Fiesta (2008-2014): A smaller and more economical alternative to the Focus, the Fiesta also benefits from improved reliability in this generation. It’s a practical choice for city driving and offers good fuel efficiency.

Important Note: Pre-purchase inspections by a qualified mechanic are highly recommended for any used car, regardless of its reputation. Thoroughly research the specific year and model you are considering, as reliability can vary even within the same model year due to manufacturing inconsistencies or individual owner maintenance.

Which car brands last the longest?

As a loyal buyer of popular vehicles, I can confidently say some models consistently outperform others in terms of longevity. My observations, combined with extensive research, point to several top contenders.

Toyota consistently delivers. The Tacoma, Sienna, Tundra, and 4Runner are known for their ruggedness and reliability, often surpassing 200,000 miles with proper maintenance. The secret? Toyota’s focus on quality components and robust engineering. Many Tacoma owners boast of exceeding 300,000 miles!

Honda also deserves a mention. The CR-V and the Pilot (particularly the 2019 model onwards) are praised for their smooth engines and relatively trouble-free operation. While not quite reaching Toyota’s legendary longevity, they still offer excellent value for their lifespan.

Subaru‘s Forester often surprises people with its resilience. Its symmetrical all-wheel drive system and generally dependable engine contribute to its durability. However, Subaru’s engine longevity is often debated and may require more proactive maintenance than Toyota or Honda.

Important Note: Longevity depends heavily on maintenance. Regular servicing, timely repairs, and responsible driving habits significantly impact a vehicle’s lifespan. Even the most durable vehicles will fail prematurely with neglect.

Which car is the most low-maintenance?

Defining “unpretentious” in the automotive world is subjective, but generally refers to vehicles requiring minimal maintenance, boasting robust reliability, and offering affordable repair costs. This ranking considers these factors:

5. Hyundai Creta: A compact SUV offering decent fuel economy and a relatively straightforward design, making parts readily available and repairs less complex. However, long-term reliability can vary slightly.

4. Hyundai Solaris: This sedan consistently ranks highly for reliability and ease of maintenance. Its simple mechanics and readily available parts contribute to lower ownership costs.

3. KIA Sportage: A popular compact SUV, the Sportage combines relatively good reliability with a relatively affordable parts and service ecosystem. However, some advanced features can increase maintenance complexities.

2. LADA Vesta: A budget-friendly option, the Vesta excels in simplicity. Its design prioritizes ease of maintenance, resulting in lower repair costs and accessibility to parts, particularly in certain regions.

1. KIA Rio X-Line: This hatchback variation usually scores high in reliability surveys and boasts relatively low running costs due to its straightforward mechanical design and readily available, inexpensive parts. Excellent fuel economy further reduces running costs.

Important Note: This ranking reflects general trends and doesn’t account for individual vehicle history, driving habits, or specific regional factors influencing maintenance and repair costs. Always consult independent reviews and consider personal circumstances before purchasing any vehicle.

What are the 10 most reliable used cars?

Choosing a reliable used car can be tricky, but several models consistently stand out. Here’s a breakdown of ten strong contenders, considering factors like repair frequency, parts availability, and overall longevity:

Toyota Prius: Known for its exceptional fuel economy and hybrid reliability. Expect high resale value and relatively low maintenance costs, though hybrid components can be expensive to repair if they fail.
Toyota Corolla: A perennial favorite for its durability, affordability, and ease of maintenance. Parts are readily available, and countless mechanics are familiar with this model.
Honda Civic: Another highly reliable Japanese compact car with a strong reputation for longevity. Excellent fuel efficiency and a relatively large owner community provide ample resources for information and repairs.
Kia Rio: A surprisingly robust and affordable option offering a good balance of features and reliability for its price point. While not as established as the Japanese brands, Kia’s reliability has significantly improved in recent years.
Volkswagen Polo: A solid European option with a reputation for decent build quality and relatively low running costs. Parts availability might be slightly more expensive compared to Japanese models.
Mazda 3: Offers a blend of sporty handling and reliable mechanics. While generally reliable, some models have had reported issues with specific components; thorough pre-purchase inspection is recommended.
Ford Mondeo: A spacious and comfortable sedan, but reliability can vary across model years. Thorough research into specific year and engine combinations is crucial before buying.
Haval H6: A Chinese SUV offering a good value proposition, especially regarding space and features. Reliability is a developing area for Haval, so thorough checking of maintenance history and a pre-purchase inspection are essential.
Renault Logan: Known for its simplicity and low running costs. Mechanically straightforward, but parts availability might vary depending on your region.
LADA Kalina Cross: While not as globally recognized as other models, the Kalina Cross boasts impressive affordability and ruggedness. However, parts availability and long-term reliability might present challenges outside of its primary market.

Important Note: This list isn’t exhaustive, and individual car reliability depends heavily on maintenance history and driving conditions. Always conduct a thorough pre-purchase inspection by a qualified mechanic, regardless of the model.