Is it important to check the goods before buying?

Checking your gadgets before buying is crucial, going beyond a simple glance. It’s about a thorough assessment impacting your tech experience significantly. Consider these vital points:

Price: Research comparable models; don’t just settle for the first deal you find. Price discrepancies often reflect differences in features or quality.

Quality: This goes beyond just the materials. Examine the build quality; are there any loose parts or imperfections? Look for reputable brands with a history of producing reliable products.

Features: Match the gadget’s features to your specific needs. Don’t be swayed by flashy marketing; focus on the functionality that’s truly important to you.

Seller Reputation: Buy from trusted retailers, especially for expensive items. Read reviews about the seller’s customer service, shipping times, and return policies.

Pre-Purchase Checks:

Physical Inspection (if possible): Check for scratches, dents, or other physical damage. Test all buttons and ports.
Online Reviews: Scour multiple sources like Amazon, specialized tech sites, and YouTube reviews for insights beyond marketing materials.
Specifications Verification: Ensure the specs (processor speed, RAM, storage) align with your expectations. Don’t rely solely on marketing jargon.
Warranty & Return Policy: Understand the warranty offered and the seller’s return policy in case of defects or dissatisfaction.

Expert Reviews: Websites and publications specializing in gadget reviews offer in-depth analyses, often including benchmarks and comparisons with competitor products.

Consider your needs: Don’t get caught up in the hype. A top-of-the-line device might not be necessary if your usage is less demanding. Prioritize features that directly enhance your experience.

What is the origin of goods?

Determining a good’s origin goes beyond simply its shipping point; it pinpoints the country where it underwent its last substantial transformation, conferring on it its essential character. This isn’t necessarily where the raw materials originated, but rather where significant value-added manufacturing or processing occurred.

Why is origin crucial? It’s a fundamental factor influencing international trade regulations. Knowing the origin helps determine:

Customs duties and tariffs: Different countries levy different tariffs based on the origin of goods. Understanding the origin allows for accurate tariff classification and duty assessment.
Trade agreements and preferences: Many trade agreements grant preferential treatment (reduced or eliminated tariffs) to goods originating in specific countries. Correct origin determination is essential to claim these benefits.
Rules of origin verification: Customs authorities often verify the declared origin through documentation, such as certificates of origin or other supporting evidence. Inaccurate declarations can lead to penalties.
Trade policy measures: Things like quotas, embargoes, and anti-dumping duties are often origin-specific.

Examples of origin complexities:

A garment might have fabric sourced from one country, cut in another, and assembled in a third. The country of origin would likely be where the most significant manufacturing (assembly) occurred.
Determining the origin of complex machinery involving components from multiple countries can be a challenging process requiring careful analysis of manufacturing processes and value addition at each stage.

Inaccurate origin declarations can have serious consequences, ranging from delays in customs clearance and increased costs to legal penalties and reputational damage. Therefore, accurate origin determination is vital for all involved in international trade.

What are the rules of origin for products?

Rules of origin are basically the paperwork proving where a product is actually from – its economic nationality. Think of it like a product’s passport. This is super important for online shopping because it determines whether you get the lower prices promised under a free trade agreement (FTA).

For example: If a shirt says “Made in Vietnam” but actually uses fabric from China and is assembled in Vietnam, the rules of origin will dictate whether it qualifies for the lower tariffs of a US-Vietnam FTA. If it doesn’t fully meet the origin criteria (maybe a certain percentage of the materials must be Vietnamese), you might end up paying more import duties than expected.

Why should I care? Because lower import duties mean lower prices for you! Knowing about rules of origin can help you spot deals that are genuinely cheaper due to FTAs and avoid unexpectedly high import taxes.

It’s complicated: The exact rules are complex and vary depending on the specific FTA and the product. They often involve percentages of locally sourced materials and manufacturing processes.

Where to find out more: Check the specific FTA agreement between the countries involved. The importing country’s customs website is another excellent resource.

What are the three factors customers look at before buying?

As a frequent buyer of popular goods, I can tell you that my purchasing decisions hinge on three key factors:

Quality and Reliability: This goes beyond just functionality. I consider durability, longevity, and the overall build quality. Reading reviews focusing on long-term performance, not just initial impressions, is crucial. I look for warranties and guarantees as indicators of a company’s confidence in its product. For example, if a phone boasts a water-resistant rating, I’ll delve into user experiences to see if that claim holds up in real-world scenarios. Understanding the materials used and the manufacturing process can also provide insights into the expected lifespan and reliability.
Price and Value: Price alone isn’t the deciding factor. I assess the value proposition – what am I getting for my money? This involves comparing similar products, analyzing features and benefits, and considering the total cost of ownership (including potential repair or replacement costs). Subscription services, for example, need to justify their ongoing price relative to the benefits they offer. I frequently use price comparison websites and look for sales or discounts, but I don’t compromise quality for a lower price unless the value proposition is truly compelling.
Reputation and Trustworthiness: A strong brand reputation reassures me. I check online reviews on multiple platforms (not just one!), focusing on the consistency of feedback. Independent reviews from tech bloggers or reputable consumer organizations carry more weight than those found directly on the company’s website. I look for transparency in a company’s policies – particularly regarding returns, warranties, and customer service responsiveness. Negative reviews addressing poor customer service are a significant red flag.

What is the determination of origin of goods?

Determining the origin of goods is basically how customs figures out where something was actually made. It’s super important for taxes and import rules. They check the certificate of origin – that document that says where the product came from – against what the shipping papers say. Any mismatch is a red flag.

Why does it matter?

Tariffs and Duties: Import taxes (duties) depend heavily on where a product originates. Goods from certain countries might have lower or higher tariffs.
Trade Agreements: Some trade deals give preferential treatment (lower tariffs) to goods from specific countries. Origin verification ensures countries get the benefits they’re entitled to.
Regulations and Compliance: Knowing the origin helps verify products meet safety and quality standards of the importing country. Some countries might ban goods from certain regions due to safety concerns or political reasons.
Counterfeiting: Origin verification helps combat counterfeit goods. Knowing the true origin can help identify fake products.

What information is checked?

The certificate of origin will state the country of origin based on rules of origin (specific criteria).
Shipping documents (like commercial invoices and packing lists) will detail the product’s journey, including manufacturing locations mentioned by the supplier.
Customs might ask for additional documentation to verify the claims.

In short: Customs cross-references multiple documents to ensure the stated origin is accurate. Discrepancies can lead to delays, additional fees, or even rejection of the shipment.

Does the buyer have the right to inspect goods before accepting them?

As an online shopper, knowing your rights is crucial. Before you accept a package, you absolutely have the right to inspect your goods to make sure they match what you ordered. This is backed by the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) – specifically Sections 2-513(1) and (2).

What does this mean in practice?

You get a reasonable opportunity to check the item(s). This usually means opening the package and examining the goods for damage, defects, or discrepancies.
If something’s wrong – wrong color, damaged, missing parts – you can reject the goods and refuse to pay.

Important points to remember:

Document everything: Take photos and videos of any damage or discrepancies. This is your proof if you need to dispute the order.
Check the return policy: While you have the right to inspect, the seller’s return policy outlines the procedure for returning unsatisfactory goods. Be aware of deadlines and any restocking fees.
Contact the seller immediately: If you find a problem, contact the seller ASAP to discuss a solution. They may offer a replacement, refund, or partial refund.
Keep the original packaging: This often is required for returns, so don’t throw it away until you’ve fully inspected the item and are certain it’s what you wanted.

This right applies mostly to tangible goods. Digital downloads or services typically have different return policies.

How to determine the origin of goods?

Determining a product’s origin isn’t always straightforward, but a crucial first step is examining the accompanying documentation. A key document is the origin declaration, sometimes called an invoice declaration or statement on origin. This declaration, typically found on a commercial invoice, formally states where the goods were wholly obtained or substantially transformed. It’s vital that the invoice provides sufficient detail to identify the product and its origin definitively.

However, relying solely on the declaration isn’t foolproof. Verification is key. Independent verification methods might include examining the product’s packaging for manufacturing information, country of origin labeling, or even conducting a thorough physical inspection. Look for markings such as manufacturing codes, batch numbers, or specific identifiers that can be traced back to a particular facility or region. For higher-value or risk-sensitive goods, third-party verification services can provide independent confirmation of stated origins.

Consider also the nuances of “origin”. A product might be assembled in one country but utilize components sourced globally. Understanding the definition of origin – whether it refers to the country of manufacture, assembly, or the origin of key components – is crucial for accurate assessment. Trade agreements and regulations significantly influence how origin is determined, so be aware of any relevant stipulations.

What is origin verification?

Origin verification in code signing is like getting a guarantee from a trusted source that the software you’re about to download is the real deal – not a cleverly disguised virus. It’s crucial for preventing malicious code from slipping through. Think of it as a detailed provenance, tracing the software’s journey from its initial creation to the final package.

What’s actually verified? It’s more than just a name; it digs deep into the software’s development history. The verification process checks details like:

Source Repository: This confirms the software came from the legitimate developer’s code repository (like GitHub or GitLab). This isn’t just a name; it’s an actual link to the source code.
Branch: Identifies the specific branch of the codebase used to build the software. This is vital, as different branches might contain different versions or bug fixes. A malicious actor might try to use an older, vulnerable branch.
Commit Hash: This is a unique fingerprint representing a specific version of the source code. It’s akin to a serial number, guaranteeing that the software hasn’t been tampered with after the verification.
Build Information: This includes the timestamp and other build metadata. It proves the software wasn’t compiled secretly and backdated.

Why is this important to me? Imagine buying a limited-edition collectible – you want proof of authenticity. Origin verification provides this proof for software. It offers stronger confidence that what you are installing is safe, secure, and hasn’t been modified or forged. This protects you from malware, exploits, and unreliable software in general. It’s a critical element of secure software supply chains, something increasingly important in today’s digital world.

How does it work in practice? Tools exist that can automatically check this information, linking the software’s signature to the verified source code. Some developers even publish the build information visibly, allowing anyone to verify the software’s origin independently. This added transparency further builds trust.

What is the general rule of origin?

Rules of origin determine a product’s national source, a critical factor influencing import duties and restrictions. This isn’t a simple “made in” label; it’s a complex system with significant implications for international trade and product testing.

Why are Rules of Origin Important?

Tariff Preferences: Free trade agreements often grant preferential tariff treatment (lower or zero duties) to goods originating in participating countries. Precise rules of origin ensure only eligible products benefit.
Trade Remedies: Countries may impose anti-dumping or countervailing duties on imports if they determine unfair trade practices are occurring. Rules of origin help identify the source of these imports for effective enforcement.
Trade Statistics: Accurate origin determination is vital for compiling reliable trade statistics, informing government policy and economic analysis.
Product Certification & Testing: Rules of origin can indirectly influence product testing requirements. Products from specific countries might face stricter scrutiny or require specific certifications, adding layers to quality control and compliance efforts during our product testing procedures.

The Complexity of Rules of Origin:

Varied Approaches: Governments employ diverse methodologies, leading to inconsistencies across countries. Some focus on where the final assembly occurs (e.g., “substantial transformation”), while others consider the origin of key components or the percentage of value added in a particular country.
Documentation Requirements: Verifying origin often involves detailed documentation, including certificates of origin, invoices, and bills of lading, adding complexity to import/export processes.
Ongoing Changes: Trade agreements evolve, causing frequent updates to rules of origin. Staying abreast of these changes is crucial for businesses engaged in international trade, impacting our product testing strategies for compliance.

Impact on Product Testing: The complexities of rules of origin necessitate rigorous testing procedures. We often need to analyze product composition, trace components back to their sources, and ensure compliance with relevant standards and regulations based on the product’s determined origin. This ensures our products meet the requirements of their intended markets and avoid trade penalties.

What five stages does a buyer undergo before buying a product?

OMG! The five stages of buying? Honey, it’s way more exciting than that! First, Need Recognition: That’s the “I NEED IT NOW” moment! My brain short-circuits with desire. The dopamine hits hard! Think impulse buys – that gorgeous handbag I *had* to have, even though my closet’s overflowing.

Then comes Information and Alternatives Search. This is where the fun begins! Scrolling, scrolling, scrolling through endless options online. Reading reviews (mostly the five-star ones, naturally). Comparing prices, features, colours… it’s practically a sport!

Evaluation of Alternatives? Psh, this is where I justify every purchase! I meticulously weigh the pros and cons (mostly pros, obviously). I create elaborate spreadsheets comparing prices per wear for clothes or calculating cost-per-use for kitchen gadgets, to convince myself that it’s a *bargain*.

Purchase Decision! Finally! The sweet, sweet moment of clicking “Buy Now” or swiping my card. The anticipation is killer! I get that little thrill of excitement – it’s like winning a lottery, only instead of cash, I get a new pair of shoes.

Post Purchase Behavior? That’s where the post-purchase high kicks in! I show off my new treasures on social media. Then there’s the unboxing experience – the joy of unwrapping and discovering everything! And finally, if there are any regrets… well, there’s always online returns, right? Besides, retail therapy always cures everything!

What are the 5 main factors that influence purchasing decisions?

As a frequent buyer of popular goods, I’ve noticed five key factors consistently impacting my purchasing decisions. Psychological factors, like my perceived need or desire for a product, heavily influence my choices. This includes things like emotional branding and the satisfaction I anticipate receiving. Clever marketing campaigns definitely play a role here.

Social factors are huge; what my friends and family are using, influencer recommendations, and even online reviews significantly sway my opinion. The fear of missing out (FOMO) is a real driver for impulse purchases, especially with limited-edition items.

Cultural factors subtly yet powerfully shape my preferences. Trends, societal norms, and even my upbringing all influence which brands or product types I gravitate towards. For example, sustainability is becoming a crucial cultural factor affecting many of my choices.

Economic factors are undeniable. My budget, disposable income, and perceived value for money all dictate whether or not I’ll buy something. Sales, discounts, and even the overall economic climate influence my spending habits.

Finally, personal factors like my age, lifestyle, occupation, and family status play a considerable role. A product that appeals to a young professional might not resonate with a parent of young children, for example. My individual needs and priorities change over time, which naturally affects my shopping decisions.

Does the buyer have an unconditional right to inspect the goods before accepting or paying for them?

Unconditional Right to Inspect Before Purchase? Not Always.

Generally, before you pay for or accept a tech gadget, you have the right to inspect it. This is crucial to ensure it’s not faulty or damaged. This right exists unless the sales contract explicitly states otherwise. Think of it as your due diligence; a chance to check for scratches, ensure all components are present, and even test functionality (within reason). You’re entitled to do this at a reasonable time and place, and in a reasonable manner.

Reasonable Inspection? What does it mean? This isn’t an invitation to dismantle the device completely. A reasonable inspection involves visually checking for damage, testing basic functionality (power-on, screen display, etc.), and verifying that the product matches the description. Don’t expect to get a full performance test for every function on a complex device before paying, unless the seller specifically allows for that.

Exceptions Exist. While inspection is your right, there are exceptions. The contract might specify otherwise. For instance, some “as is” sales waive your right to a pre-payment inspection. Always read the fine print of purchase agreements, particularly concerning returns and refunds.

Where to Inspect? Again, “reasonable”. The seller’s store is the most common place. However, if it’s a delivery, a reasonable place might be your home (or the place of delivery) provided the seller agrees.

Documentation is Key. If you find any defects during inspection, clearly document them with photos or videos, before accepting the goods. This is critical evidence should you need to pursue a return or refund.

How long does a buyer have to inspect goods?

The buyer’s inspection period, typically ranging from 1 to 30 calendar days, is crucial for verifying the goods’ conformity to the contract specifications. This period allows for a thorough examination, encompassing visual inspection for damage or defects, quantity verification against the accompanying documentation (packing lists, invoices), and potentially, more in-depth testing depending on the nature of the goods. Failure to inspect within the agreed-upon timeframe may significantly impact the buyer’s ability to claim defects or discrepancies.

Key considerations during inspection include: Properly documenting any discrepancies, including photographic evidence; carefully comparing the received goods to purchase order and other relevant documents; engaging qualified professionals for complex or specialized goods; and promptly notifying the seller of any identified issues within the inspection period’s timeframe. The specifics of the inspection process – its extent and methodology – should ideally be clearly outlined in the contract itself, minimizing potential disputes later on. Ignoring this stage can lead to accepting defective goods, resulting in considerable financial and operational losses. Efficient inspection practices are paramount in mitigating these risks.

Beyond the timeframe: While the 1-30 day range is common, it’s not universally applicable. Specific industries or contract negotiations might necessitate longer or shorter periods, emphasizing the importance of clear contractual agreements. Remember that time is of the essence; delaying the inspection might forfeit valuable rights.

What are the five major steps in the purchasing process?

The consumer purchasing process is far more nuanced than a simple five-step model, but understanding these core stages is crucial for effective marketing and product development. Years of testing have shown me that even seemingly minor details within each stage significantly impact conversion rates.

Problem Recognition: This isn’t just about identifying a need; it’s about understanding the *pain* associated with that need. Effective marketing speaks directly to this pain, highlighting the inconvenience, frustration, or inefficiency the consumer currently experiences. Testing revealed that framing the problem in terms of the negative consequences of *not* having the product is remarkably effective.
Information Search: Consumers don’t just passively search; they actively seek validation for their perceived solution. Understanding their information sources (online reviews, social media, word-of-mouth) is vital. A/B testing different content formats and placement significantly impacts the effectiveness of this stage. We found high-quality images and short, impactful videos were key here.
Alternatives Evaluation: This stage isn’t just about comparing features; it’s about comparing *value propositions*. Consumers weigh cost, perceived quality, brand reputation, and convenience. Testing showed the importance of clear and concise feature comparisons, emphasizing the unique value proposition of your product against the competition.
Purchase Decision: This is often the most misunderstood step. It’s not solely about the price; it’s about removing friction. A streamlined purchasing process, multiple payment options, and clear guarantees drastically improve conversion rates. A/B testing on checkout pages constantly revealed unexpected bottlenecks.
Post-Purchase Evaluation: This is where customer loyalty is built or broken. Follow-up communication, addressing concerns promptly, and exceeding expectations are critical. Testing suggests personalized thank-you messages and proactive support significantly improve customer satisfaction and encourage repeat purchases. Collecting feedback at this stage provides invaluable insights for future product iterations.

In summary: Successfully navigating the consumer purchasing process requires a deep understanding of consumer psychology and the use of data-driven testing at every stage to optimize your approach and maximize sales.

What are the three phases of the buying process?

The consumer buying process, simplified, unfolds in three key phases: Awareness, Interest, and Purchase.

Awareness is the crucial first step. This is where your potential customer first encounters your product or service – perhaps through an ad, a friend’s recommendation, or an online search. Think of it as planting a seed; you’re not expecting a sale yet, but you’re making an impression. Effective marketing during this phase focuses on creating visibility and brand recognition. Clever use of social media, targeted advertising, and compelling content are vital here.

Interest follows awareness. Now the potential customer is curious. They’ve seen your product, and they want to learn more. This phase is all about providing compelling information. High-quality product descriptions, detailed specifications, customer reviews, and engaging visuals become crucial. Think detailed product demos, informative blog posts, and interactive website experiences. The goal is to transform mere awareness into genuine interest.

Finally, Purchase is the culmination of the process. This is where the customer decides to buy. At this point, a streamlined purchasing process is paramount – easy navigation, secure payment options, and clear shipping information are essential to secure the sale. Post-purchase engagement is also vital to fostering loyalty and encouraging repeat business. Offering excellent customer service and fostering a positive brand experience will transform a single purchase into a long-term relationship.

Understanding these phases allows businesses to tailor their marketing and sales strategies for maximum impact, converting awareness into interest and ultimately, driving sales.

What are the 3 factors that affect the buying process?

Understanding the customer buying process requires acknowledging three key influence categories: psychological, social, and situational factors. These aren’t mutually exclusive; they often intertwine to drive purchase decisions.

Psychological Factors: These reside within the individual. They include:

Motivation: What underlying needs (e.g., hunger, safety, belonging) is the customer trying to satisfy? Understanding this is crucial for effective messaging. A product marketed on convenience appeals to different motivations than one marketed on status.
Perception: How does the customer interpret information about your product? Pricing, branding, and even the color of your packaging heavily influence this. A/B testing variations can reveal powerful insights into how to optimize perception.
Learning: Past experiences with your brand or similar products significantly shape future decisions. Positive reviews and effective customer service drive repeat purchases.
Attitudes & Beliefs: Pre-existing opinions about your brand, product category, or even the overall shopping experience deeply impact the buying process. Negative reviews can be a significant obstacle.
Personality & Lifestyle: Understanding your target audience’s personality traits and lifestyle preferences allows for highly targeted marketing. A product appealing to an adventurous personality won’t resonate with someone prioritizing practicality.

Social Factors: These stem from the customer’s interactions and relationships.

Family & Friends: Word-of-mouth marketing, peer pressure, and family traditions heavily influence buying choices. Testimonials and social proof are powerful tools here.
Reference Groups: Aspirational groups (those the customer wants to belong to) or membership groups (those the customer already belongs to) impact buying decisions. Marketing should strategically target these groups.
Culture & Subculture: Cultural norms, values, and beliefs significantly shape preferences. Adapt your messaging and product features to resonate with your target culture.

Situational Factors: These are context-dependent and can vary wildly.

Purchase Situation: A planned purchase differs greatly from an impulse buy. Understanding the purchase context is vital for tailoring your sales approach.
Time Constraints: A rushed shopper will make different decisions than one with ample time. Optimize the purchasing experience for different time constraints.
Physical Surroundings: Store layout, atmosphere, and even weather can influence purchases. A pleasant shopping experience encourages spending.
Social Surroundings: Shopping with others can alter individual purchasing behavior. Marketing should consider how others’ presence may influence choices.

How often do buyers back out after inspection?

So, you’re wondering how often homebuyers back out after inspection? Think of it like online shopping – sometimes you change your mind after seeing the “product” up close. Statistically, about 3.9% of buyers back out after the inspection. That’s like finding a tiny scratch on a brand new phone you ordered online and deciding to return it. It’s perfectly legal, especially since most purchase agreements have contingency clauses. These clauses are like the “return policy” in online shopping – they protect both the buyer and the seller.

This 3.9% figure is an average, though. The actual percentage varies based on several factors. A poor inspection report with significant issues is more likely to lead to a buyer backing out than a minor one. Think of it like receiving a damaged product – you’re less likely to keep it. Market conditions also play a role. In a buyer’s market (lots of homes, fewer buyers), buyers are more likely to negotiate or walk away. In a seller’s market (fewer homes, many buyers), buyers may be less inclined to back out because of competition. It’s similar to how limited edition items on sale online disappear fast. Also, the buyer’s experience level impacts decisions. First-time homebuyers may be more prone to backing out due to unfamiliarity with the process.

Essentially, a home inspection is your chance to thoroughly review your purchase. It’s like zooming in on a high-resolution image of the item before confirming your online order. Just like online shopping, understanding the return policy (contingency clauses) and managing your expectations are key to a smooth transaction.

What happens if a buyer wrongfully refuses to accept goods?

A buyer’s wrongful refusal to accept goods triggers significant consequences. The seller isn’t simply left holding the bag; they have legal recourse to recover losses. The most common remedy is an action for damages, calculated as the difference between the contract price and the market price at the time and place of delivery (tender). This ensures the seller receives the profit they would have made had the buyer fulfilled their contractual obligation.

However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. Several crucial factors influence the calculation and recovery of damages:

Mitigation of Losses: The seller has a legal duty to mitigate their losses. This means taking reasonable steps to minimize the negative impact of the buyer’s breach. For example, attempting to resell the goods to another buyer. Failure to mitigate can reduce the recoverable damages.
Proof of Market Price: Establishing the market price at the time and place of tender requires robust evidence. Market reports, price lists, and expert testimony might be necessary to substantiate the claim.
Specific Performance: In certain circumstances, especially with unique or custom-made goods, the seller may seek specific performance, compelling the buyer to accept the goods. This is less common than damages but offers a potential alternative remedy.
Incidental Damages: Beyond the core difference in price, the seller can also recover incidental damages resulting directly from the buyer’s breach. This could include storage costs, transportation costs incurred in attempting to resell, and administrative expenses.

Understanding the nuances of these factors is vital. Consider these scenarios from a product testing perspective:

Perishable Goods: If the goods are perishable, the seller’s ability to mitigate losses becomes more challenging, potentially increasing recoverable damages due to spoilage and disposal costs. Rigorous testing to ensure product shelf life is crucial in mitigating this risk.
Unique Products: For highly specialized or bespoke products, demonstrating the difficulty of resale and the justification for specific performance becomes paramount. Thorough pre-production testing and documentation help showcase the product’s uniqueness.
Quantifying Damages: Accurate record-keeping regarding production costs, transportation expenses, and market pricing is essential for calculating damages effectively. A robust Quality Assurance system with detailed tracking of every step in the production process greatly aids this.