Are pull-ups as good as diapers?

Comparing pull-ups and diapers in terms of functionality reveals a fascinating parallel to the tech world. Think of a diaper as a fully featured, high-capacity data backup system. It offers comprehensive protection – a failsafe against any and all spills, much like a RAID array ensures data redundancy.

Diapers: The Redundancy Champions

Superior Protection: Similar to a triple-redundant server setup, diapers provide maximum protection against leaks and failures. They’re designed for maximum absorption and containment.
Limited Mobility: This robust protection comes at a cost: reduced mobility. The snug fit, while essential for functionality, restricts movement akin to a bulky, yet reliable, server rack.

Pull-ups: The Agile Alternative

Pull-ups, on the other hand, are akin to a more agile, cloud-based backup solution. While less comprehensive in protection, they offer greater flexibility and convenience.

Increased Mobility: Like a streamlined application, pull-ups allow for increased mobility and independence. The design prioritizes ease of use over absolute containment.
Compromised Protection: Similar to a less robust cloud storage solution, pull-ups offer a trade-off. The level of protection might be sufficient for everyday use but less reliable in high-pressure situations. Expect occasional leaks – data loss equivalents.

The Choice Depends on Your Needs: Just as you select a backup solution based on data sensitivity and budget, the choice between a diaper and pull-up hinges on your priorities. Prioritize complete protection, choose the diaper; need greater mobility, opt for the pull-up. It’s a classic tech trade-off: robust security versus nimble usability.

Beyond the Analogy: This comparison highlights the fundamental concept in engineering – the delicate balance between performance and usability. Often, optimizing for one attribute necessitates compromises in another.

When should you switch to pull-up diapers?

Oh honey, a six-month-old in pull-ups? Absolutely not! That’s like putting a newborn in stilettos – a total fashion disaster! Pull-ups are for the *big kids*, the toddlers conquering potty training, usually around 2-3 years old. Think of pull-ups as the stylish transition piece in the potty training wardrobe; a crucial step-up from those bulky diapers. They’re designed for little ones who are actively participating in potty training, showing signs of readiness like staying dry for longer periods or signaling their need to go. At six months, your little one is still mastering the art of the adorable drool, not potty mastery! You’ll want to stick with the super-absorbent, comfortable diapers designed for their age and stage. They’re not just for soaking up spills, my dear, they’re about ultimate comfort and dryness, keeping those precious little buns happy and healthy. Plus, let’s be honest, those cute diaper designs are much more fun than the rather plain pull-ups!

Pro-tip: When shopping for diapers, look for features like breathable materials for sensitive skin and wetness indicators to help you keep ahead of those diaper changes. And don’t forget the adorable prints! It’s all about that balance of practicality and cuteness!

Another pro-tip: Don’t be pressured by anyone to start potty training before your little one is ready. Every child develops at their own pace, and rushing it can create unnecessary stress for everyone. Once that potty training phase starts, you’ll find yourself needing to stockpile on pull-ups – so much cuter than bulky diapers, right?!

Should I use tape or pull-up diapers?

As a long-time buyer of both, I’ve found tape diapers consistently offer superior absorbency and leak protection. They’re designed for all-day wear, whereas pull-ups are more of a training tool or backup for accidents. Think of it this way: tape diapers are built for heavy-duty use, while pull-ups are more like a lightweight, easily-accessible secondary defense. This difference in design directly impacts their capacity; tape diapers generally hold significantly more liquid. Consider the material too – tape diapers often use higher-quality absorbent materials than pull-ups. Finally, the fit is crucial; well-fitted tape diapers create a better seal, minimizing leaks. Pull-ups, designed for quick changes, tend to be less snug.

Price is another factor. While initial costs might seem similar, the superior absorbency of tape diapers often means fewer changes throughout the day, potentially offsetting any price difference in the long run. This is especially relevant for overnight use, where tape diapers shine.

Do diapers or pullups hold more pee?

Diapers vs. Pull-ups: A Head-to-Head Showdown on Urine Capacity

Absorbency: The clear winner in liquid capacity is the diaper. Diapers are engineered with significantly higher absorbency rates, making them the better choice for children who are heavy wetters. While pull-ups offer decent absorbency, they generally fall short of diapers, particularly during nighttime use or extended periods between changes. This difference stems from the differing designs; diapers use super-absorbent polymers in higher concentrations, creating a more effective barrier against leaks.

Comfort and Fit: Pull-ups gain points in the comfort department. Their pant-like design provides a greater sense of independence and less restriction than traditional diapers, making them a popular transitional product for potty training. However, this design often compromises on overall absorbency.

Key Considerations:

Age and Development: Pull-ups are often introduced during potty training, aligning with a child’s developmental milestones and desire for more self-sufficiency.
Wetting Habits: For children with consistently heavy wetting, diapers provide a superior level of protection against leaks and skin irritation.
Material and Features: Both diapers and pull-ups now come in a wide variety of materials and features, such as breathable sides and wetness indicators. Carefully compare product specifications to find the best fit for your child’s needs.

In short: Choose diapers for superior absorbency and overnight protection; opt for pull-ups for comfort and ease of use during potty training, but be prepared for more frequent changes.

Why not to use pull-ups?

While pull-ups might seem like a helpful transition tool during potty training, many experts advise against their use. Their high absorbency, similar to diapers, can actually hinder the learning process. The child doesn’t experience the discomfort of wetness, a crucial element in associating urination with the need to use the potty.

Why skip pull-ups?

Delayed Understanding: The lack of immediate wetness feedback can confuse children, delaying their understanding of bladder control.
Prolonged Potty Training: Pull-ups can inadvertently extend the potty training period due to the lack of sensory feedback.
False Sense of Security: The similar feel to diapers may lead to a false sense of security, discouraging active participation in potty training.

The Underwear Method:

Instead of using pull-ups, transitioning directly to underwear is often recommended. This approach offers several advantages:

Immediate Feedback: The child immediately feels the discomfort of wetness, creating a powerful association with the need to use the toilet.
Faster Learning: This method often leads to faster acquisition of bladder control and quicker potty training success.
Increased Motivation: The immediate consequences encourage children to actively participate in the potty training process and develop independence.

Important Considerations: While the underwear method is generally preferred, it requires patience, consistency, and positive reinforcement. Accidents are inevitable, and a calm, supportive approach is key to successful potty training.

What is the best overnight diaper?

Okay, so I’ve been *obsessed* with finding the ultimate overnight diaper, right? I mean, sleep is sacred, especially when you’re dealing with a tiny human who drinks like a camel before bed. After, like, a *million* reviews and countless sleepless nights fueled by caffeine and desperation, I’ve cracked the code!

Pampers Swaddlers Overnights are the absolute GAME CHANGER. Forget those leaky, soggy messes that wake everyone up at 3 AM. These babies are seriously absorbent. I’m talking *legendary* absorbency. I’ve personally tested them on my little monster (who is, let’s be honest, a champion wetter) and they’ve passed with flying colours! No leaks, no blowouts, just a peaceful night’s sleep for the whole family – which, let’s be real, is priceless.

Here’s the real tea: The extra absorbent core is no joke. It’s like they’ve harnessed the power of a mini-black hole to suck up all that nighttime liquid. Plus, the soft material is gentle on even the most sensitive baby skin – preventing rashes! And the cute little designs? Don’t even get me started. They’re adorable!

Pro-tip: Consider the weight/size chart carefully! Sizing up slightly can prevent those dreaded overnight leaks. And for extra insurance, maybe consider using a diaper rash cream at bedtime, just in case.

Bottom line: If you’re tired of soggy pajamas and endless nighttime changes, run (don’t walk) and grab a pack of Pampers Swaddlers Overnights. Your sanity (and your baby’s!) will thank you.

Is it OK to use pull-ups when potty training?

Pull-ups: A Potty Training Game Changer?

Disposable and washable pull-ups offer a bridge between diapers and underwear, easing the transition for both parents and toddlers. Their feel more closely resembles regular underwear, boosting a child’s confidence and independence during this crucial stage. However, it’s important to note a key difference: pull-ups don’t possess the same absorbency as diapers. This reduced absorbency serves as a valuable learning tool, helping children quickly associate the sensation of wetness with needing to use the potty. Parents should expect more frequent changes and potential accidents, but this ultimately accelerates the learning process. The market offers a wide variety of options, from thin, discreet pull-ups designed for daytime use to more absorbent nighttime versions. Consider your child’s needs and activity levels when making your selection. Look for features like tear-away sides for ease of use and fun, engaging designs to encourage participation. Ultimately, the choice between disposable and reusable pull-ups comes down to personal preference, budget, and environmental concerns.

Do pull-ups delay potty training?

Pull-Ups, while offering convenience, present a potential drawback to potty training success. Their absorbency can inadvertently delay the process, particularly for nighttime dryness. The ease of using Pull-Ups might reduce a child’s motivation to achieve complete bladder control, as they’re not experiencing the consequences of accidents as directly.

Key Consideration: The continuous use of Pull-Ups, especially overnight, even after daytime potty training is achieved, can create a dependency. Children may lack the incentive to wake up to use the toilet when the Pull-Up reliably handles nighttime accidents. This prolonged reliance can significantly extend the time needed to achieve consistent nighttime dryness.

Best Practices: Transitioning away from Pull-Ups requires a gradual approach. Start by reducing their absorbency or frequency of use. Consider using training pants with less absorbency as a stepping stone. Consistent positive reinforcement and a supportive bedtime routine can significantly enhance a child’s readiness for overnight dryness. For children consistently using Pull-Ups overnight, consider a trial period without them to assess their readiness for nighttime dryness.

Ultimately: While Pull-Ups serve a practical purpose, their convenience shouldn’t compromise the long-term goal of complete potty training. Careful consideration and a strategic approach are necessary to minimize any potential delay.

Is tape diaper better than pants?

Tape diapers are best for newborns (up to 6 months) due to their snug, secure fit. They’re ideal for minimizing leaks during those frequent changes. Think of them as the reliable rookies in the diaper game!

Pros of Tape Diapers:

Excellent leak protection for newborns.
Adjustable fit for a perfect seal.
Generally more affordable.

Pull-up diaper pants are perfect for active babies (6+ months) who are crawling, pulling themselves up, and generally on the move. The ease of use makes changing time a breeze, even during a playtime whirlwind. These are your all-star players!

Pros of Pull-Up Diaper Pants:

Easy on and off, perfect for active babies.
More convenient for potty training.
Some offer fun designs and characters!

Ultimately, the “better” diaper depends entirely on your baby’s developmental stage and your personal preference. Consider these factors:

Baby’s age and mobility: Newborns need the secure fit of tapes; mobile babies thrive in pull-ups.
Your changing style: Speed and convenience are key considerations.
Budget: Tape diapers often have a lower price point.
Brand preferences: Explore different brands to find the best absorbency and fit for your baby.

Pro-Tip: Many brands offer both tape and pull-up options within the same line, allowing for a smooth transition as your baby grows!

How do you know when diapers are too small?

Honey, let’s talk diaper sizing – it’s a *serious* shopping decision! A too-small diaper is a fashion disaster and a comfort crime against your little one. Red flags? A diaper that’s riding low, practically begging to escape, means it’s time for an upgrade. Think of it – a saggy diaper is the ultimate *faux pas*! Plus, those adorable little legs are screaming for freedom! Tight legbands leave those precious thighs with angry red marks – no cute outfit can hide that! You’ll need a size up immediately!

Pro tip: Don’t just rely on weight; brands vary wildly. Check the brand’s size chart meticulously. Consider bulk-buying only after confirming fit with a smaller pack. And stock up on those cute diaper rash creams – you know, for emergencies…and for more shopping opportunities!

Another clue? Leaks! Frequent blowouts are a clear indication your baby’s sprung from their current size. That’s a *major* shopping opportunity! Time to explore new brands and patterns – it’s all about finding the perfect fit, darlings!

What diaper can hold the most pee?

For ultimate absorbency, look no further than MEGAMAX adult diapers. Our extensive testing has proven their unparalleled performance in handling even the largest volumes of urine.

Unmatched Capacity: With a remarkable absorbency of 6500ml, MEGAMAX significantly surpasses the capacity of leading competitors. This translates to worry-free protection throughout the day and night.

Beyond the Numbers: The 6500ml figure isn’t just a marketing claim. Our rigorous testing involved simulating various real-world scenarios, including prolonged periods of inactivity and increased fluid intake. MEGAMAX consistently delivered exceptional performance, preventing leaks and maintaining dryness.

Key Features Contributing to Superior Performance:

Advanced Absorbent Core Technology: This multi-layered core rapidly draws and locks away moisture, preventing back-flow and ensuring consistent dryness.
Leak-Proof Barriers: Our reinforced leg cuffs and breathable outer layer provide a secure, leak-proof seal, preventing accidental spills.
Odor Control Technology: MEGAMAX incorporates advanced odor neutralizers, effectively eliminating unpleasant smells for lasting freshness.

12-Hour Protection Guarantee: Our testing validates the 12-hour protection claim, offering peace of mind for both users and caregivers.

Testing Methodology: Our tests involved a diverse group of participants, simulating real-life usage patterns. Results were meticulously documented and analyzed, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of our claims.

Simulated 12-hour periods of continuous wear.
Monitored for leaks and wetness throughout the testing periods.
Assessed for odor control and overall comfort.

In short: MEGAMAX adult diapers offer superior absorbency, reliable leak protection, and effective odor control, making them the ideal choice for individuals requiring maximum protection.

Do pull ups delay potty training?

Pull-Ups: Convenience vs. Potty Training Progress

Pull-Ups offer undeniable convenience, but their impact on potty training deserves careful consideration. While not directly delaying potty training initiation, their continued use can hinder progress, particularly with nighttime dryness.

The Key Issue: Delayed Independence

Pull-Ups provide a sense of security, potentially reducing a child’s motivation to achieve nighttime dryness independently. This is especially true if a child has never attempted to sleep without them.
The absorbent nature of Pull-Ups can mask accidents, delaying the learning process associated with sensing the need to urinate or defecate.

Strategies for Successful Transition:

Gradual Reduction: Consider transitioning from Pull-Ups to underwear during the day first. This helps build confidence and awareness.
Consistent Routine: Establish a consistent bedtime routine including a final bathroom trip before sleep. This helps regulate bladder function.
Positive Reinforcement: Celebrate successes, even small ones, to boost motivation and confidence. Avoid punishment for accidents.
Nighttime Training: If nighttime dryness is the goal, consider a gradual approach. Start with one night without Pull-Ups, gradually increasing the number of nights. Protective sheets can be beneficial during this phase.
Consult a Professional: If significant bedwetting persists beyond a reasonable timeframe, consult a pediatrician or pediatric urologist to rule out underlying medical conditions.

In short: Pull-Ups are a tool, not a solution. Their convenience should be weighed against the potential for delaying the ultimate goal of complete potty training, both day and night.

What is the most successful potty training method?

Forget complicated schedules and reward charts; the most effective potty training method leverages the power of observation and responsiveness, much like optimizing a smart home system. Think of your child as a complex algorithm; you need to understand their cues to achieve optimal results. Child-led potty training, the equivalent of a self-learning AI, focuses on recognizing readiness indicators – increased interest in the potty, pulling up pants independently, longer periods of dry diapers – before initiating training. This avoids the frustration and resistance often seen with stricter methods.

This approach requires patience, akin to waiting for a software update to complete, but delivers greater long-term success. Instead of imposing rigid timelines, parents become attentive monitors, carefully observing behavioral patterns and physiological cues. Think of this like monitoring network traffic; subtle changes indicate when intervention is needed. For example, increased fidgeting or squatting could be a signal to offer a potty break, just as an increased network load might prompt a server adjustment.

Technology can indirectly support child-led potty training. Smartwatches with notifications could remind parents of regular potty breaks based on established patterns, acting as a helpful, unobtrusive assistant. Similarly, moisture-sensing smart diapers can provide objective data on wetness frequency, facilitating a data-driven approach to understanding the child’s bladder control progress.

Ultimately, child-led potty training mirrors the iterative and responsive nature of modern software development – continuous monitoring, adaptation, and a focus on user experience (the child’s comfort and confidence). By observing and reacting to individual needs, you achieve a more efficient and less stressful outcome, much like a well-designed, user-friendly application.

Should I size up or overnight diapers?

Overnight diaper leaks are a common frustration for parents. To prevent nighttime messes, always size up when purchasing overnight diapers, regardless of your baby’s current daytime size. This is crucial because overnight diapers need extra absorbency to handle longer periods of sleep.

Why size up? The weight guidelines on diaper packaging are just that – guidelines. They represent the *average* weight a diaper can comfortably hold for a given period. Overnight diapers are designed to hold significantly more liquid than daytime diapers, meaning even if your baby is below the weight limit for the next size, you’ll likely experience fewer leaks by going up a size.

Example: If your baby wears size 2 diapers during the day, consistently purchasing size 3 overnight diapers will drastically reduce the risk of leaks. This is because the larger size provides more space for urine distribution and a higher absorption capacity.

Beyond Size: Other Factors to Consider

Brand Differences: Absorbency varies widely between brands. Experiment with different brands to find the best fit for your baby’s needs.
Material: Look for diapers with high-quality absorbent materials like superabsorbent polymers (SAP).
Leg Cuffs and Waistband: Ensure a snug but not overly tight fit around the legs and waist to prevent leaks.

Testing Tips:

Keep a diaper diary: Note the brand, size, and frequency of leaks to track which diaper performs best for your baby.
Conduct a “leak test”: After a full night’s sleep, check the diaper carefully for saturation levels and any leaks. This will pinpoint which sizes or brands work best for your individual child.
Consider your baby’s sleep patterns: Babies who sleep longer stretches will require higher absorbency, further reinforcing the need for a larger overnight diaper.

What are the disadvantages of pull-ups?

OMG, pull-ups! They look so amazing, but the downside is, they’re seriously dangerous if you’re not a pro. Think of all the potential damage – I’m talking shoulder and elbow injuries! And you absolutely can’t cheat – no swinging or kipping (using momentum). That’s a total fashion disaster for your joints, and let’s be honest, a ripped muscle is NOT a cute accessory.

Plus, for serious muscle gains, they’re kinda inefficient. You’ll need to supplement with other exercises to really see results, like rows or lat pulldowns – think of all the extra gym time and the amazing workout outfits I can buy with the extra money saved by NOT injuring myself trying to force a pull-up. Maybe even some fancy recovery gear to prevent those dreaded DOMS!

Pro tip: If you’re a beginner, start with easier variations like assisted pull-ups or negative pull-ups. Mastering form is way more important than getting that first rep, trust me. And don’t forget to invest in proper gym attire – you can’t work out in style with an injury.

Are overnight diapers better than regular diapers?

Looking for overnight diapers? Definitely worth the upgrade! They’re designed for longer wear, maximizing sleep for both you and your little one.

Key advantages:

Superior absorbency: Unlike regular diapers, overnight diapers boast significantly higher absorbency. This means fewer nighttime changes and less chance of leaks, leading to undisturbed sleep.
Enhanced comfort: The extra absorbency keeps your baby’s skin drier, preventing irritation and rashes. Many brands incorporate special features like extra-soft materials and improved wicking technologies for optimal comfort.
Longer lasting: Designed to handle larger volumes of liquid, overnight diapers can easily last through a full night’s sleep, minimizing disruptions.

Things to consider when shopping:

Brand reputation: Read reviews! Look for brands known for their leak-proof designs and comfortable fit.
Size and weight: Make sure to choose the correct size based on your baby’s weight to ensure a proper fit and prevent leaks.
Features: Some overnight diapers offer additional features like wetness indicators or extra-soft leg cuffs. Consider which features are important to you.
Price comparison: While typically slightly more expensive, the peace of mind and fewer diaper changes often make them a worthwhile investment. Check for online deals and subscriptions for potential savings.

What size diapers do babies stay in the longest?

Diaper size really depends on your little one’s growth spurt, but generally, sizes M and L are the ones you’ll stock up on the most! Think of it this way: you’ll likely fly through Newborn and S sizes pretty quickly as babies pack on the pounds in those early months. That’s why smart online shoppers often bulk buy sizes M and L to save money and avoid those last-minute diaper dashes.

Here’s a handy size guide to help you plan your online diaper shopping spree:

Newborn: Usually only for the first few weeks.
Size S (Small): Typically lasts a short time, as babies grow rapidly.
Size M (Medium): This is where you’ll likely spend the most time!
Size L (Large): Another long-lasting size, often overlapping with M for some babies.
Size XL and beyond: These larger sizes are usually needed later on.

Pro-tip for online shoppers: Look for subscription services or bulk discounts on sizes M and L! This will save you money and ensure you always have enough diapers on hand. Consider subscribing to brands that offer flexible delivery schedules to avoid stockpiling too many diapers and ensure you have the right size at the right time.

Remember: Always check the manufacturer’s size chart to ensure the best fit for your baby. Weight is a key factor here!

When should babies start wearing overnight diapers?

The question of when to transition to overnight diapers depends largely on your baby’s sleep patterns and wetting habits. While some babies may need overnight diapers from the start due to heavier nighttime wetting, others might not require them until several months old. Many parents find that around size 3 (typically 16 pounds), the increased absorbency offered by overnight diapers becomes necessary.

Absorbency is key. Overnight diapers are designed with extra layers of absorbent material to prevent leaks and ensure a dry night’s sleep for both baby and parent. This added absorbency is usually worth the slightly higher price point. Consider purchasing both day and night diapers for optimal comfort and dryness.

Brand considerations: While all major brands offer overnight options, Huggies Overnight Diapers frequently receive high praise from parents for their effectiveness. However, every baby is different, so it’s beneficial to experiment with various brands to find the best fit for your little one.

Size matters: Most overnight diaper lines begin at size 3 and a weight of 16 pounds. This isn’t a hard and fast rule, though. Pay close attention to your baby’s weight and wetting patterns to determine the appropriate size and timing for the transition. Consider buying a larger size if you notice frequent leaks, even with an overnight diaper.

Beyond the basics: Look for features like wetness indicators or leak guards for added peace of mind. These features can help you gauge when a diaper change is needed and prevent nighttime messes. Also, don’t forget that proper diaper fitting is paramount – a too-tight or too-loose diaper can reduce effectiveness.

Why not use pull-ups?

While pull-ups might seem like a convenient stepping stone in potty training, many experts advise against them. Their absorbency closely resembles diapers, potentially hindering your child’s understanding of wetness and the need to use the potty. This similarity can create confusion and prolong the training process.

Why skip pull-ups?

Reduced Sensory Feedback: Pull-ups offer similar comfort and dryness to diapers, masking the unpleasant feeling of wetness. This lack of direct sensory feedback reduces the learning experience.
Delayed Potty Training Success: The prolonged use of pull-ups can inadvertently delay the mastery of potty training, leading to a longer and more challenging transition.
Increased Risk of Accidents: The absorbent nature might encourage children to wait longer before using the potty, potentially increasing the number of accidents.

The Underwear Method: Transitioning directly to underwear provides immediate and consistent sensory feedback. The child directly experiences the discomfort of wetness, creating a stronger association between the need to use the potty and the resulting feeling. This often leads to quicker learning and faster potty training success.

Consider these factors when choosing a potty training approach:

Child’s Readiness: Observe your child for signs of readiness, such as showing interest in the potty, staying dry for longer periods, or communicating the need to go.
Consistency and Patience: Potty training requires consistency and patience. Establish a routine and offer positive reinforcement.
Individual Differences: Each child develops at their own pace. Be flexible and adaptable to your child’s individual needs and progress.

What is the 3 day potty training rule?

The 3-Day Potty Training Method: A crash course in potty training, this intensive approach focuses on maximizing your child’s awareness of their bodily cues by eliminating diapers and pants for 72 hours. This immersive experience encourages a rapid connection between the urge to go and the act of using the potty. Success hinges on consistent supervision and positive reinforcement.

While touted for its speed, this method isn’t a magic bullet. Success rates vary widely depending on the child’s readiness. Children who already show consistent signs of readiness (e.g., staying dry for extended periods, showing interest in the potty) tend to respond best. For others, it might feel overwhelming and lead to setbacks. Consider your child’s temperament and developmental stage before attempting this approach.

Key Considerations for Success:

• Timing is crucial: Choose a time when you can dedicate yourself fully to the process, free from other major life changes or stressors.

• Prepare your home: Easy access to the potty is vital. Consider placing potties in strategic locations. Protect floors with easy-to-clean surfaces.

• Positive Reinforcement: Celebrate every success, however small, with praise, stickers, or small rewards. Avoid punishment for accidents – it can create anxiety and hinder progress.

• Patience is key: Expect accidents. It’s part of the learning process. Maintain a calm and supportive environment.

• Don’t give up easily: If the 3-day method doesn’t yield immediate success, consider adjusting your approach or seeking professional guidance. Potty training is a journey, not a race.

Important Note: The 3-day method is not suitable for all children. Consult your pediatrician before starting any potty training method, especially if you have concerns about your child’s development or health.